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Can machines think? This question is difficult to answer because the words ";machines" and "think" and even the word "can" are open to different interpretations. Alan Turing thought that the question was "too meaningless to deserve discussion" and ...
The power of a modern computer derives from its being more than an arithmetic calculator. It is, in fact, a general-purpose symbol-manipulating system. A symbol token is a pattern that can be compared by an information processing system with some other ...
A major goal of artificial intelligence is the development of automated agents that are capable of making decisions, responding to the actions of others, and determining the consequences of their own actions. In order to achieve this behavior, these ...
Molecular (or DNA) computing is founded on the idea that, given enough strands of DNA, and using certain biological operations one use DNA molecules to simulate some classic computations efficiently. The original insight is due to Leonard Adleman (1994) ...
Within a few years of the first appearance of the "electronic calculators," research had begun on using computers as aids for translating natural languages. The major stimulus was a memorandum in July 1949 by Warren Weaver, who after mentioning ...
Machine learning is the study of methods for constructing and improving software systems by analyzing examples of their desired behavior rather than by directly programming them. Machine learning methods are appropriate in application settings where ...
The term knowledge representation was originally used in artificial intelligence (AI) to refer to the encoding of knowledge that an intelligent program would seem to require in order to plan, observe or draw conclusions. It is now understood more ...
The ancient Greek word heuriskein means "to find out, to discover." The English adjective heuristic, the more recently coined homonymous noun heuristic (in singular) or the more common heuristics (in plural) came into being via the Latin adjective ...
The term cybernetics was coined by Norbert Wiener (1948). Derived from the Greek "kybernetes," or "steersman," it was defined as "the study of control and communication in the animal and machine." Over time, its meaning has broadened substantially, and ...
With the advent of the microcomputer chip, there arose the need to distinguish between digital control and analog control. The inputs and outputs from a digital control system are no longer continuous with time, as was the case with analog control ...
Computer vision is the process of using computers to extract from images useful information about the physical world, including meaningful descriptions of physical objects. For example, if an image sensor, such as a digitizing video camera, captured an ...
Case-based reasoning (CBR) is an artificial intelligence paradigm for reasoning and learning. Case-based reasoning solves new problems by retrieving stored records of prior problem-solving episodes (cases) and adapting their solutions to fit new ...
Beginning in the late 1800s, mathematicians began to realize that biology and ecology were sources of intriguing mathematical problems. The very complexity that made life difficult for experimental biologists intrigued mathematicians and led to the ...
Automated planning is the process of algorithmically creating behavior specifications--or plans--for agents, which the agents then follow. By "agent" is meant any kind of entity that behaves, including people, robots, servers on networks, or groups of ...
As defined by Langton (1992), "Artificial Life (AL, or Alife) is a new discipline that studies 'natural' life by attempting to recreate biological phenomena, from scratch, within computers and other 'artificial' media. AL complements the traditional ...
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field of computer science and engineering concerned with the computational understanding of what is commonly called intelligent behavior, and with the creation of artifacts that exhibit such behavior. This definition ...